3D Physics - Quantum Mechanics - Particle Types

type	electric charge	weak charge	strong charge	gravity (isospin)	generation 1	generation 2	generation 3
quarks up-type	+ 2/3	+ 1/2	yes		u (up) 3 MeV	c (charm) 1.2 Gev	t 175 GeV
quarks down-type	- 1/3	- 1/2	yes		d (down) 7 MeV	s (strange) 120 Mev	b 4.2 GeV
leptons neutrinos	0	+ 1/2	no		Ve < 3eV	vT < 18 MeV	vT 18 MeV
leptons charged	-1	- 1/2	no		e (electron) 0.511 Mev	T (muon) 1.78 GeV	T 1.78 GeV

Colour neutral quarks (hadrons) can be combined as in following examples:

proton = u + u + d
neutron = u + d = d

Bosons

Bosons are particles which make forces (or do they just transport a force from one point to another ? I don't really understand this) For example electro-magnetism travels through materials that photons cant travel through?

electo-magnetism	photon
weak nuclear	wt w-1 z0
strong nuclear
gravitational	graviton (speculative - not detected yet)

Noether for Quantum Mechanics

See Noethers theorem.

For Particles (fermions) Angular Momentum is quantized. Particle spin and orbital states are always a half integer multiple of h-bar. In other words,

spin = /2, 3*/2 ...

where:

• = h/2 PI
• h = Planck's constant

There is also something strange about the spin in that a rotation of 720 (not 360 degrees) is needed to get back to the original orientation. This can be modeled by quaternion (spinor) where a rotation of 360 degrees inverts all of its x,y,z and w elements.

If we take the Schrödinger's wave function for two particles:

(₁,₂,t)

We can investigate symmetry by exchanging the two particles:

for two bosons: (₁,₂,t) = (₂,₁,t)

for two fermions: (₁,₂,t) =- (₂,₁,t)

In other words, if we exchange two identical fermions we invert the wave function. This is equivalent to rotating the system by 180 degrees.

This accounts for the pauli exclusion principle because if two identical particles were superimposed the wave function would be zero.